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Numerical simulation and analysis of periodically oscillating pressure characteristics of inviscid flow in a rolling pipe

Yan GU, Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 21-28 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0173-2

摘要： Floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants are gaining increasing attention in offshore energy exploitation. The effects of the periodically oscillatory motion on the fluid flow in all processes on the offshore plant are very complicated and require detailed thermodynamic and hydrodynamic analyses. In this paper, numerical simulations are conducted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code combined with user defined function (UDF) in order to understand the periodically oscillating pressure characteristics of inviscid flow in the rolling pipe. The computational model of the circular pipe flow is established with the excitated rolling motion, at the excitated frequencies of 1–4 rad/s, and the excitated amplitudes of 3°–15°, respectively. The influences of flow velocities and excitated conditions on pressure characteristics, including mean pressure, frequency and amplitude are systematically investigated. It is found that the pressure fluctuation of the inviscid flow remains almost constant at different flow velocities. The amplitude of the pressure fluctuation increases with the increasing of the excitated amplitude, and decreases with the increasing of the excitated frequency. It is also found that the period of the pressure fluctuation varies with the excitated frequency. Furthermore, theoretical analyses of the flow in the rolling circular pipe are conducted and the results are found in qualitative agreement with the numerical simulations.

关键词： pressure fluctuation rolling floating production storage and offloading unit for liquefied natural gas (LNG-FPSO) offshore

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LNG-FPSO: Offshore LNG solution

GU Yan, JU Yonglin

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第3期页码 249-255 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0050-1

摘要： The floating production, storage and offloading system for liquefied natural gas (LNG-FPSO), is a new conceptual unit and an effective and realistic way for exploitation, recovery, storage, transportation and end-use applications of marginal gas fields and offshore associated-gas resources. However, a real LNG-FPSO unit cannot be built unless some breakthroughs in many key technologies are produced. Many unique characteristics of LNG-FPSO, such as restricted space, platform motion, LNG sloshing in inner storage tank and offloading system, which have not been considered in the onshore projects, are the most rigorous factors to be taken into account during design. In this paper, the overall layout of a typical LNG-FPSO unit is reviewed; the leading liquefaction technologies and processes are compared and discussed. Taking the effects of the vessel motion and limited space into account, the applicability of the main systems and key equipments of storage, offloading and power supply, are analyzed.

关键词： associated-gas LNG-FPSO transportation recovery effective

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Floating production storage and offloading systems’ cost and motion performance: A systems thinking application

Rini NISHANTH, Andrew WHYTE, V. John KURIAN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第3期页码 357-368 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018022

摘要：

Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units increasingly represent a practical and economic means for deep-water oil extraction and production. Systems thinking gives a unique opportunity to seek a balance between FPSO technical performance(s), with whole-cost; stakeholder decision-making is charged to align different fit-for-use design specification options’ that address technical-motion(s), with respective life-cycle cost analyses (LCCA). Soft system methodology allows situation based analyses over set periods-of-time by diagnosing the problem-at-hand; namely, assessing the antecedents of life-cycle cost relative to FPSO sub-component design alternatives. Alternative mooring- component comparisons for either new-build hulls or refurbished hulls represent an initial necessary consideration to facilitate extraction, production and storage of deep-water oil reserves. Coupled dynamic analysis has been performed to generate FPSO motion in six degrees of freedom using SESAM DeepC, while life-cycle cost analysis (LCAA) studies give net-present-value comparisons reflective of market conditions. A parametric study has been conducted by varying wave heights from 4 – 8 m to understand FPSO motion behavior in the presence of wind and current, as well as comparing the motions of turreted versus spread mooring design alternatives. LCCA data has been generated to compare the cost of such different mooring options/hull conditions over 10 and 25-year periods. Systems thinking has been used to explain the interaction of problem variables; resultantly this paper is able to identify explicit factors affecting the choice of FPSO configurations in terms of motion and whole-cost, toward assisting significantly with the front-end engineering design (FEED) phase of fit-for-purpose configured FPSOs, in waters off Malaysia and Australia.

关键词： FPSO LCCA spread/turret-mooring DeepC cost motion soft-systems

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A review of cryogenic power generation cycles with liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization

Feier XUE,Yu CHEN,Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第3期页码 363-374 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0397-7

摘要： Liquefied natural gas (LNG), an increasingly widely applied clean fuel, releases a large number of cold energy in its regasification process. In the present paper, the existing power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are introduced and summarized. The direction of cycle improvement can be divided into the key factors affecting basic power generation cycles and the structural enhancement of cycles utilizing LNG cold energy. The former includes the effects of LNG-side parameters, working fluids, and inlet and outlet thermodynamic parameters of equipment, while the latter is based on Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle, Kalina cycle and their compound cycles. In the present paper, the diversities of cryogenic power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are discussed and analyzed. It is pointed out that further researches should focus on the selection and component matching of organic mixed working fluids and the combination of process simulation and experimental investigation, etc.

关键词： liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy power generation cycle Rankine cycle compound cycle

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Management innovation and construction integration technology in Brazil’s superlarge deep-water offshoreoil and gas unit project (FPSO P67/P70)

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第2期页码 349-353 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0187-3

关键词： Brazil FPSO P67/P70 superlarge dry towing operation construction integration risk control management

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A simplified model of direct-contact heat transfer in desalination system utilizing LNG cold energy

Qingqing SHEN, Wensheng LIN, Anzhong GU, Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 122-128 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0175-0

摘要： With the increasingly extensive utilization of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in China today, sustainable and effective using of LNG cold energy is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, the utilization of LNG cold energy in seawater desalination system is proposed and analyzed. In this system, the cold energy of the LNG is first transferred to a kind of refrigerant, i.e., butane, which is immiscible with water. The cold refrigerant is then directly injected into the seawater. As a result, the refrigerant droplet is continuously heated and vaporized, and in consequence some of the seawater is simultaneously frozen. The formed ice crystal contains much less salt than that in the original seawater. A simplified model of the direct-contact heat transfer in this desalination system is proposed and theoretical analyses are conducted, taking into account both energy balance and population balance. The number density distribution of two-phase bubbles, the heat transfer between the two immiscible fluids, and the temperature variation are then deduced. The influences of initial size of dispersed phase droplets, the initial temperature of continuous phase, and the volumetric heat transfer coefficient are also clarified. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the available experimental data of the R114/water system.

关键词： liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy utilization desalination direct-contact heat transfer

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Key issues in development of offshore natural gas hydrate

Shouwei ZHOU, Qingping LI, Xin LV, Qiang FU, Junlong ZHU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第3期页码 433-442 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0684-1

摘要： As a new clean energy resource in the 21st century, natural gas hydrate is considered as one of the most promising strategic resources in the future. This paper, based on the research progress in exploitation of natural gas hydrate (NGH) in China and the world, systematically reviewed and discussed the key issues in development of natural gas hydrate. From an exploitation point of view, it is recommended that the concepts of diagenetic hydrate and non-diagenetic hydrate be introduced. The main factors to be considered are whether diagenesis, stability of rock skeleton structure, particle size and cementation mode, thus NGHs are divided into 6 levels and used unused exploitation methods according to different types. The study of the description and quantitative characterization of abundance in hydrate enrichment zone, and looking for gas hydrate dessert areas with commercial exploitation value should be enhanced. The concept of dynamic permeability and characterization of the permeability of NGH by time-varying equations should be established. The ‘Three-gas co-production’ (natural gas hydrate, shallow gas, and conventional gas) may be an effective way to achieve early commercial exploitation. Although great progress has been made in the exploitation of natural gas hydrate, there still exist enormous challenges in basic theory research, production methods, and equipment and operation modes. Only through hard and persistent exploration and innovation can natural gas hydrate be truly commercially developed on a large scale and contribute to sustainable energy supply.

关键词： natural gas hydrate exploitation offshore diagenetic and non-diagenetic hydrate solid-state fluidization method dessert in enrichment area three-gas combined production on gas hydrate abundance

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Can the Shanghai LNG Price Index indicate Chinese market?

Yeli ZENG, Cong DONG, Mikael HÖÖK, Jinhua SUN, Danyang SHI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 726-739 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0701-4

摘要： China became the world’s second largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) importer in 2018 but has faced extremely high import costs due to a lack of bargaining power. Assessments of the Shanghai LNG Price Index, first released in 2015, are vital for improving the understanding of these cost dynamics. This paper, using the LNG price index data from the Shanghai Petroleum and Gas Exchange (SHPGX) coupled with domestic and international LNG prices from July 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018, estimates several econometric models to evaluate the long-term and short-term equilibriums of the Shanghai LNG Price Index, the responses to market information shocks and the leading or lagging relationships with LNG and alternative energy prices from other agencies. The results show that the LNG price index of the SHPGX has already exhibited a long-term equilibrium and short-term adjustment mechanisms to reflect the average price level and market movements, but the market information transparency and price discovery efficiency of the index are still inadequate. China’s LNG market is still relatively independent of other natural gas markets, and marketization reforms are under way in China. The influence of the SHPGX LNG price index on the trading decisions of market participants is expected to improve with further development of China’s LNG reforms, the formation of a natural gas entry-exit system, and the increasing liquidity of the hub.

关键词： liquefied natural gas price index Shanghai Petroleum and Gas Exchange price discovery market reforms

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LNG总买总卖模式上下游天然气销售合同商务架构搭建与风险传递

王家祥,罗伟中,陈翔,赵瑞聪,孙前,慕琦,王曦

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第5期页码 98-102

摘要：

在总买总卖模式下中海油气电集团国际贸易公司通过下游天然气销售合同条款的安排，使得在商务架构上中海油气电集团国际贸易公司成为上下游合同承上启下的合同主体，并保持了上下游合同的一致性且最大程度地减低中海油气电集团国际贸易公司的法律风险，做到风险无缝传递。

关键词：总买总卖商务架构风险传递

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Large-scale liquefied natural gas ships

Danping LOU, Yan LI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第3期页码 461-465 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0090-8

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Comprehensive comparison of small-scale natural gas liquefaction processes using brazed plate heat exchangers

Jitan WU, Yonglin JU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 683-698 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0705-0

摘要： The brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE) has some advantages over the plate-fin heat exchanger (PFHE) when used in natural gas liquefaction processes, such as the convenient installation and transportation, as well as the high tolerance of carbon dioxide (CO ) impurities. However, the BPHEs with only two channels cannot be applied directly in the conventional liquefaction processes which are designed for multi-stream heat exchangers. Therefore, the liquefaction processes using BPHEs are different from the conventional PFHE processes. In this paper, four different liquefaction processes using BPHEs are optimized and comprehensively compared under respective optimal conditions. The processes are compared with respect to energy consumption, economic performance, and robustness. The genetic algorithm (GA) is applied as the optimization method and the total revenue requirement (TRR) method is adopted in the economic analysis. The results show that the modified single mixed refrigerant (MSMR) process with part of the refrigerant flowing back to the compressor at low temperatures has the lowest specific energy consumption but the worst robustness of the four processes. The MSMR with fully utilization of cold capacity of the refrigerant shows a satisfying robustness and the best economic performance. The research in this paper is helpful for the application of BPHEs in natural gas liquefaction processes.

关键词： liquefied natural gas brazed plate heat exchanger energy consumption economic performance robustness

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Latest progress in numerical simulations on multiphase flow and thermodynamics in production of naturalgas from gas hydrate reservoir

Lin ZUO, Lixia SUN, Changfu YOU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 152-159 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0017-x

摘要： Natural gas hydrates are promising potential alternative energy resources. Some studies on the multiphase flow and thermodynamics have been conducted to investigate the feasibility of gas production from hydrate dissociation. The methods for natural gas production are analyzed and several models describing the dissociation process are listed and compared. Two prevailing models, one for depressurization and the other for thermal stimulation, are discussed in detail. A comprehensive numerical method considering the multiphase flow and thermodynamics of gas production from various hydrate-bearing reservoirs is required to better understand the dissociation process of natural gas hydrate, which would be of great benefit to its future exploration and exploitation.

关键词： numerical simulation natural gas hydrate dissociation thermodynamics multiphase flow

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Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of HFC-134a production from natural gas compared with oil-basedand coal-based production

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第12期页码 1713-1725 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2210-y

摘要： China is the largest producer and consumer of HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in the world. Coal-based route is mainly adopted to produce HFC-134a, which suffers from large waste and CO₂ emissions. Natural gas is a low-carbon and clean energy resource, and no research has been found on the environment and economy of producing HFC-134a from natural gas. In this study, CML 2001 method was used to carry out the life cycle assessment of natural gas (partial oxidation)-based and natural gas (plasma cracking)-based routes (abbreviated as gas(O)-based and gas(P)-based routes, respectively), and their environmental performances were compared with coal-based and oil-based routes. Meanwhile, considering that China is vigorously promoting the transformation of energy structure, and the application of electric heating equipment to replace fossil-based heating equipment in industrial field, which has a great impact on the environmental performance of the production processes, the authors conducted a scenario analysis. The results showed that the gas(O)-based route had the most favourable environmental benefits. However, the gas(P)-based route had the highest potential for reducing environmental burdens, and its environmental benefit was the most favourable in scenario 2050. Additionally, the economic performance of the gas(P)-based route was significantly better than that of gas(O)-based and coal-based routes.

关键词： life cycle assessment economic performance HFC-134a natural gas oil coal

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Chaotic behavior of LNG after stratification in main stream region of storage tank

WANG Jingjing, MA Xiaoqian

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 514-518 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0076-4

摘要： A study of the chaotic behavior of liquefied natural gas (LNG) after stratification in the main stream region of a storage tank was conducted. Based on non-linear dynamics, a 2-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard convection model was developed to simulate the convection, Lorenz equations of LNG convection were deduced from conservation equations, and the Runge-Kutta method was used to solve the equations. The results showed that when = 1.33, 106 < < 1470, chaos was obtained, which meant that the velocity field and the temperature field were highly unsteady. In addition, the influence of temperature and scale factor on the solutions and the corresponding range of parameters were studied. The results revealed that the chaos in LNG convection resulted from the interaction of buoyancy and viscid forces. A small quantity of heat impacting the storage tank would lead to a strong and unstable convection of LNG in the main stream region.

关键词： Runge-Kutta non-linear corresponding temperature addition

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温差能与低温海水资源综合利用研究

付强,王国荣,周守为,钟林,张理,余兴勇,杨浦

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第6期页码 52-60 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.06.007

摘要：本文总结了国内外 OTEC 及综合利用的发展模式、技术装备所面临的挑战，针对南海温差能资源开发困境、广东省液化天然气（ LNG）冷能资源浪费等情况，提出了以 LNG 气化的低温海水替代深层海水进行温差能发电的新途径建议以珠海 LNG 气化站为例，探索 LNG 冷能回收 – 温差能发电、低温冷海水综合利用示范基地的发展模式；通过初步概算示范基地的投资与收益，完成了相应模式的经济与技术可行性论证。

关键词：海洋温差能低温海水资源 LNG冷能综合利用温差能发电